Basic characteristics of the participants
Table 1 presents comparisons of the clinical profiles among participants with metabolic overweight phenotypes in this longitudinal study. Of the 10,315 participants, 5,530 (53.61%) participants were overweight and 4,305 (41.74%) showed metabolic abnormalities. The prevalences of MHNW, MHO, MANW, and MAO were 34.58%, 23.68%, 11.81%, and 29.93%, respectively. Among the normal weight individuals, MANW were characterized by higher percentages of male, hypertensive, and diabetic subjects compared with the MHNW group. Among the overweight subjects, there were more females and younger individuals in the MHO group than in the MAO group. We also showed the comparisons of the clinical profiles between participants with and without nephrolithiasis in Supplementary Table 1. Subjects with nephrolithiasis were more likely to be older, had higher systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, higher levels of FBG, TC, TG, LDL, higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes compared to those without nephrolithiasis. Moreover, for men, the prevalence of MHO was higher in older than in young people at baseline and the last visit, while the difference was not significant for women (Fig. 1).
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants under 4 basic phenotypes, classified based on the presence of obesity and/or metabolic abnormality figure 1
The prevalence of the four different metabolic obesity phenotypes by age and sex. a Baseline and B the last follow-up. MHNW, metabolically healthy normal weight group; MHO, metabolically healthy overweight group; MANW, metabolically abnormal normal weight group; MAO, metabolically abnormal overweight group
Cumulative incidence of nephrolithiasis in metabolic obesity phenotypes
We examined the cumulative incidence of nephrolithiasis in the four phenotypes over a 5-year study period. In the full cohort, the overall 5-year cumulative incidences in the MAO and MHO groups were 21.7% and 19.5%, respectively, which were higher than the incidences in the MHNW and MANW groups (MHNW: 14.7%; MANW: 15.2%) (Fig. 2A). When stratified by age (
